Sociolinguistics Definition and Examples

Sociolinguistics takes language samples from sets of random population subjects and looks at variables that include such things as pronunciation, word choice, and colloquialisms. The is data is then measured against socio-economic indices such as education, income/wealth, occupation, ethnic heritage, age, and family dynamics to better understand the relationship between language and society. Thanks to its dual focus, sociolinguistics is considered a branch of both linguistics and sociology.  However, the broader study of the field may also encompass anthropological linguistics, dialectology, discourse analysis, ethnography of speaking, geolinguistics, language contact studies, secular linguistics, the social psychology of language, and the sociology of language. The Right Words for the Given Situation Sociolinguistic competence means knowing which words to choose for a given audience and situation to get the desired effect. For instance, say you wanted to get someones attention. If you were a 17-year-old boy and you spotted your friend Larry walking out to his car, youd probably utter something loud and informal along the lines of: Hey, Larry! On the other hand, if you were that same 17-year-old boy and saw the school principal drop something in the parking lot as she was walking to her car, youd more likely utter something along the lines of, Excuse me, Mrs. Phelps! You dropped your scarf. This word choice has to do with societal expectations on the part of both the speaker and the person to whom he is speaking. If the 17-year-old hollered, Hey! You dropped something! in this instance, it could be considered rude. The principal has certain expectations with regard to her status and authority. If the speaker understands and respects those societal constructs, he will choose his language accordingly to make his point and express proper deference. How Language Defines Who We Are Perhaps the most famous example of the study of sociolinguistics comes to us in the form Pygmalion, the play by Irish playwright and author George Bernard Shaw that went on to become the basis for the musical My Fair Lady. The story opens outside Londons Covent Garden market, where the upper crust post-theater crowd is attempting to stay out of the rain. Among the group are Mrs. Eynsford, her son, and daughter, Colonel Pickering (a well-bred gentleman), and a Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle (a.k.a Liza). In the shadows, a mysterious man is taking notes. When Eliza catches him writing down everything she says, she thinks he’s a policeman and loudly protests that she hasn’t done anything. The mystery man isn’t a cop—he’s a professor of linguistics, Henry Higgins. Coincidentally, Pickering is also a linguist. Higgins boasts that he could turn Eliza into a duchess or the verbal equivalent in six months, with no idea that Eliza has overheard him and is actually going to take him up on it. When Pickering bets Higgins he can’t succeed, a wager is made and the bet is on. Over the course of the play, Higgins does indeed transform Eliza from guttersnipe to grand dame, culminating with her presentation to the queen at a royal ball. Along the way, however, Eliza must modify not only her pronunciation but her choice of words and subject matter. In a wonderful third-act scene, Higgins brings his protà ©gà © out for a test run. She’s taken to tea at the home of Higgins very proper mother with strict orders: â€Å"She’s to keep to two subjects: the weather and everybody’s health—Fine day and How do you do, you know—and not to let herself go on things in general. That will be safe.† Also in attendance are the Eynsford Hills. While Eliza valiantly attempts to stick to the limited subject matter, it’s clear from the following exchange that her metamorphosis is as yet incomplete: MRS. EYNSFORD HILL:  I’m sure I hope it won’t turn cold. There’s so much influenza about. It runs right through our whole family regularly every spring. LIZA: [darkly] My aunt died of influenza—so they said. MRS. EYNSFORD HILL [clicks her tongue sympathetically] LIZA: [in the same tragic tone] But it’s my belief they done the old woman in. MRS. HIGGINS: [puzzled] Done her in? LIZA: Y-e-e-e-es, Lord love you! Why should she die of influenza? She come through diphtheria right enough the year before. I saw her with my own eyes. Fairly blue with it, she was. They all thought she was dead; but my father he kept ladling gin down her throat til she came to so sudden that she bit the bowl off the spoon. MRS. EYNSFORD HILL: [startled] Dear me! LIZA: [piling up the indictment] What call would a woman with that strength in her have to die of influenza? What become of her new straw hat that should have come to me? Somebody pinched it; and what I say is, them as pinched it done her in. Written just after the close of the Edwardian Era, when class distinction in British society was steeped in centuries-old traditions strictly delineated by a set of codes that related to family status and wealth as well as occupation and personal behavior (or morality), at the heart of the play is the concept that how we speak and what we say directly defines not only who we are and where we stand in society but also what we can hope to achieve—and what we can never achieve. A lady speaks like a lady, and a flower girl speaks like a flower girl and never the twain shall meet. At the time, this distinction of speech separated the classes and made it virtually impossible for someone from the lower ranks to rise above their station. While both a shrewd social commentary and an amusing comedy in its day, assumptions made on the basis of these linguistic precepts had a very real impact on every aspect daily life—economic and social—from what job you could take, to whom you could or could not marry. Such things matter much less today of course, however, it is still possible for some sociolinguistic experts to pinpoint who you are and where you come from by the way you speak.

The Necessity of Defined Boundaries in Nursing Free Essays

What the Hippocratic Oath is to physicians, the Nightingale Pledge is to nurses. The very essence of this pledge needs to be maintained today as it was intended to be when it was first used on a graduating nursing class in 1893 Detroit (Wikipedia, 2007). Its importance is not to be understated – its meaning not to be devalued. We will write a custom essay sample on The Necessity of Defined Boundaries in Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now For any nurse in a leadership position, it is necessary to engrain this pledge in one’s mind, rather than just repeat it for the sake of a certificate. With this engrained mentality, the managing nurse will possess the capacity to effectively implement this dogma into the minds and lives of young nurses. The Nightingale Pledge is symbolic of the more general concept of nursing boundary theory. The American Nurses Association (ANA), the American Medical Association (AMA), the state and national governments of the United States, every university with a nursing program, as well as every nurse and physician all have well-founded interests in defining boundaries that represent ethical and safe behaviors concerning nurses (Holder, 2007). As the world, specifically the US, continues to rely more and more on healthcare provision, it is unavoidable that some loss of integrity concerning the quality of nurses in general will occur. Young nursing students are not always as true-hearted about the profession as was the lovely Miss Nightingale. They may be drawn to the profession for a well known variety of other reasons including handsome salaries and constant, versatile demand for services. This precisely why the senior nursing staff must actively attempt to preserve the integrity of each nurse and thereby the entire profession. The question then becomes how to do it; how to instill the solid and earnest concepts presented in the Nightingale Pledge into the minds and hearts of budding nurses. Education is the key (Wikipedia, 2007). As a leader, a managing nurse may initiate continuing educational services for the nursing staff. Programs that reinforce the foundations of nursing can be offered in a variety of formats. There are no rules for creative presentation. Five minutes at every staff meeting could be dedicated to boundary discussions, for instance. Staff emails could be sent regularly presenting a boundary â€Å"tip of the day†. Colorful and inviting flyers could be posted on the walls of staff break areas if nothing else. The importance lies in the transference of the knowledge; in the sowing of the seeds of Nightingale. The managing nurse, and every nurse, should strive to uphold personal integrity levels as well as preserving the time-tested, well-earned respect for the world’s most caring profession: Nursing (Holder, 2007). As time goes on, nursing careers will progress in all areas and in all directions. A certain percentage of nurses will graduate for the wrong reasons; this is unavoidable. With the necessary components of preservation activated and consistently engaged, the managing nurse can serve as one vehicle for the transference of this philosophy of care giving. It can be shown to young nurses that the gifts that they give daily to their patients and humankind in general are by far more valuable than the profession’s more obvious perks. Nurses need to develop a sense of family with all other nurses in the world (Holder, 2007). There needs to be common bonds inherit in all nurses. They must have a sense of community. The continuation of efforts to uphold the high moral and ethical standards, such as those presented in the Nightingale Pledge, are integral to the future of nursing worldwide. Bibliography/References Holder, K. Schenthal, Stephen. (2007, Feb 13). Watch Your Step: Nursing and Professional Boundries. Retrieved Feb 10, 2007, from Nursing Center: http://www. nursingcenter. com/library/JournalArticle. asp? Article_ID=696090 Wikipedia. (2007, Feb 13). Nightingale Pledge. Retrieved Feb 10, 2007, from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Special:Citepage=Nightingale_Pledgeid=100440708 How to cite The Necessity of Defined Boundaries in Nursing, Papers

The Community Based Support Programmes †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Based Support Programmes. Answer: The community based support programmes and practices are designed in such a way that it promotes the resources flow and provide the supports to the parents who help in strengthening the functioning and also enhancing the development and the growth of the children in their early age of life. Such community based programmes aim in providing such knowledge and skills which are helpful in conducting the rearing responsibilities of the growing children and providing the children with the opportunities and experiences which promotes the child development and learning. The significance characteristic of such community based programmes includes providing the families with the responsive and the flexible support; to treat the families with respect and dignity; sharing the information with the parents so as to make the informed decisions; and to provide the essential supports and resources to the parents for taking care of the children in their early age of life which produces the optimal child and the parent outcomes (Mason, 2011). The community based programmes and initiatives have the positive impact on both the parenting behaviours and emotional and social development of the children in the early stages of life. The significance feature of such programme is not what is offered, but the way how the supports are to be provided (Mason, 2011). The capacity-building practices in the community based programme form the base of the interactions among the families and the staff for ensuring the parent's capacities enhancement this in turn helps the parents with building confidence and competencies which is necessitated for interactions and promoting the emotional and social development of the children (Forde Devaney, 2006). The members of such community based programmes in the child care help the family members in acquiring the skills for obtaining, resources, services, and supports, such practices helps in the development of the young children which also includes the emotional and the social development ( Forde Devaney, 2006). The communities can conduct certain range of the target, universal and health promoting services such as the feeding of the infants, sleeping and also in providing the guidance to understand the health immunisation and assessment in the early yearly of the children. The given programmes aim to control the parenting behaviours which in a postitive way impact the outcomes of the child. Substantiation for the efficacy of the programmes has been increasing more than ten years, even though it remains mixed. The systematic reviews of certain home visiting programs in the Canada, USA, and UK, established that there are certain optimistic outcome in the surroundings, and also in the well being of the maternal and parenting skill (Forde Devaney, 2006). There are certain parenting competence and confidence which actively provides the practices which involves the practices which helps the parents in deciding what is important for them and children care and how to acquire the knowledge and information which is necessary to be acquired for the children growth in early years with having the great effect on the parents sense of confidence and competence (Mason, 2011). References Forde, S., Devaney, C. (2006). Postvention: A Community-based Family Support Initiative and Model of Responding to Tragic Events, Including Suicide.Child Care In Practice,12(1), 53-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13575270500526303 Mason, C. (2011). Social work the art of relationship: parents' perspectives on an intensive family support project.Child Family Social Work,17(3), 368-377. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00791.x

Climate Change Due to Global Warming Essay Example

Climate Change Due to Global Warming Paper The researchers must take part in controlling and preventing this phenomenon by means of this research paper which gives much information on the readers and by being a role model in different ways. The researchers expect that in the end of this research paper, we will be able to help and inform people especially those who are affected by the sat typhoons and the researchers can also learn new things which they can take for the rest Of their lives. Climate change is now a global crisis that we must face. Some scientists are now researching all the possible solutions and steps to be taken in order to stop it. We can not prevent it anymore because it is already happening. All we can do is to find a way to lessen the possible cause that is making it worse day by day. The era of procrastination, of half measures, of soothing and baffling expedients of delay are coming to a close. In its place, we are entering a period of consequences. Winston Churchill (ND). When I say Global Warming, what sort of idea comes in your mind? When I think about it, all that comes in my mind is the end of our precious world. Well, that is only the researchers thoughts about it. Nevertheless, what is Global Warming? Global Warming is the increase of the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans. Global Warming is cause by the Greenhouse Gases that will lead to Climate Change, which we are experiencing right now. Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more eat by evaporation. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Due to Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Due to Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Due to Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Northern Hemisphere warms faster than the Southern Hemisphere because it has more land and because it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to ice-lobed feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere this does not contribute to the difference in warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix between hemispheres. (Brown, P. (2007). Global Warning: The Last Chance for Change. Pleasant Vile, NY: The Readers Digest Association. ) What are Greenhouse Gases? Greenhouse Gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earths surface would be on average about ICC (OFF) colder than at present. The contribution to the greenhouse effect by a gas has affected by both the characteristics of the gas and its abundance. For example, on a molecule-for-molecule basis methane is about eight times stronger greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total contribution is smaller. It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect. This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others, so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas. The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases. The major non-gas contributor to the Earths roundhouse effect, clouds, also absorbs and emits infrared radiation. (Miller, P. (2009, March). Saving Energy. It starts at home. National Geographic, Volvo. 215, no. 3, 60-81. When sunlight strikes the Earths surface, some of it is re-radiated back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap its heat in the atmosphere. Many gases exhibit these greenhouse properties. Some occur naturally. Some are also produced by human activities and some are exclusively human made (for example, industrial gases). Scientists who have elaborated on Rheniums theory of lobar warming are concerned that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing an unprecedented rise in global temperatures, with potentially harmful consequences for the environment and human health. When the Industrial Revolution started, concentrations of most Greenhouse gases have dramatically increased because of the factories made in the Industrial Revolution era and made the Earth warm to hot. To leave you with a thinking mind here is a quote taken from the movie An Inconvenient Truth Big Mr.. Sunbeam, he comes all the way from the sun to visit Earth. Hello Earth, just popping in to brighten your day.. Alleluia And now, Ill be on my way. Not so fast Sunbeam, we are Greenhouse Gases, you anti going nowhere. Pretty soon, Earth is chock-full of Sunbeams. Their rotting corpses heating our atmosphere. Climate Change due to Global Warming and its effects in Metro Manila Climate change is real and happening right now. Its reality can be seen in melting ice, dying coral reefs, rising sea levels, changing ecosystems and prolonged and more severe droughts. According to the World Health Organization (ND), 1 50,000 people are already dying every year as a result of limited change. It is for this reason that the world needs to take action now before our planet becomes damaged beyond repair. This was according to http://sec. Europe. Eh/environment/climatic/hone_en. HTML Climate change is the warming of our planet, caused by human activity. It is the worst environmental problem we face today. Most scientists and governments around the world now agree that climate change will damage or destroy many natural ecosystems and human communities. When we speak of climate change on a global scale, we are referring to changes in the climate of the Earth as a whole. The rate and magnitude of global climate changes over the long term have enormous implications for natural ecosystems. But why does Climate Change Happen? Climate change is happening due to an increased concentration of certain gases in the atmosphere. These heat- trapping gases are becoming more concentrated in the Earths atmosphere, trapping more heat in the process. The most prevalent of these gases is carbon dioxide, released from burning coal, oil and natural gas in power plants, cars, factories and so on as well as through large scale Climate change. Climate change is predicted to have a range of serious uniqueness, some of which will have impact over the longer term, like spread of disease and sea level rise, while some have immediately obvious impacts, such as intense rain and flooding. Additionally, global warming appears to affect significantly the weather patterns of our planet. The extent of this influence cannot be accurately determined. In recent decades, there has been an apparent increase in the intensity and frequency of hurricanes and storms and in the losses of life and property due to weather-related disasters. Other man-made or natural disasters have also taken a greater toll n recent years. However, it is not known with certainty if the higher losses can be attributed to a higher free ounce of such disasters or simply to excessive development and increased population density along vulnerable coastal areas of our planet. Certainly, there have been major demographic shifts and greater concentration of populations in urban areas around the world. Mega cities have emerged along coastal areas, often without adequate planning or assessment of disaster risks. Also, better coverage of the impact of disasters by global media networks has resulted in increased awareness of assister impacts. Nevertheless, it is worth reviewing the possible effects of climate change on the frequency and intensity Of disasters, particularly those that are weather-related. In spite of mitigation efforts, losses due to global warming and weather related disasters will continue to increase because of continuing population growth and the increase of the concentration of growth in vulnerable areas such as coastal regions and flood plains. Other natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis have also resulted in increased losses quite possibly for the same reasons. For example the argental of earthquakes causing 1,000 + fatalities has increased by 10% causing approximately 1. 4 million deaths since 1 910. (Draper, R. (2009, April). The climate betrayed him. National Geographic, Volvo. 21 5, no. 4, 42-65) Continuing global warming can be expected to contribute significantly to disasters. For example, a new study has concluded that the Southwest Asian monsoons have gotten stronger over the past 400 years and might continue to intensify as a result of global warming. In recent years, weather-related disasters such as heavy rains, floods and flash floods, have affected the lives f thousands in Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, India, Sir Lankan, China, Korea, Manner, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Turkey, Costa Rica, Haiti, El Salvador, Guatemala, Somalia, Ghana, Morocco, Togo and South Africa. Hurricanes and typhoons in the Eastern United States, Bahamas, Antigen, Barbados, Virgin Islands, Puerco Rice, Philippines, Vietnam, Madagascar and elsewhere have left thousands of people dead, injured or homeless. Major flooding even in mountain areas high in the Himalayas could occur where nearly 50 glacial lakes could burst their banks and flood the valleys below. Man-made disasters have also taken a heavier toll in recent years. The continuous population growth has disturbed the delicate balance between ecosystems on our planet. Pollution of the atmosphere and of the seas, destruction of the rain forests, fires burning out of control, alterations of sensitive ecosystems, destruction of the ozone layer, have created climatic changes that we do not fully comprehend. Similarly, man-made disasters such as chemical spills and industrial accidents have polluted rivers and watersheds in Rwanda, Guyana, Eastern Ukraine, Slovenia and elsewhere. Industrial wastes have heavily polluted the drinking water supply of more than two million people endangering their health. Other man-made disasters associated with industrial accidents, civil strife, wars, and the use of weapons of mass destruction, not only present the greatest danger for humanity, but may also have a long-term cumulative effect on the earths climate. The trend is clear, weather related and complex man-made disasters are increasing in frequency and severity in various parts of the world. Their impact on the environment and on CLC imitate cannot be overlooked. As akin Lang Amman its not nature but the dam was opened for some reason (back may crack eh back Lang Amman) kaki nag bills Dumas Eng tubing, its not an ordinary flooding but a flood an bugling biannual. The government should be blamed for this, where is page-as and national disaster council Para mailman nag amount nag rainfall and what should be done. As lake Eng slaw Eng baggy metro manila Lang nag bumboat Eng gangway kalmia as central Luzon Amman wall Amman again. As Adam Eng typhoon an Duncan backbit bugling 15-20 feet nag etas, as said by Francis Co whom the researchers interviewed. Effects of Global Warming are of concern both for the environment and the human life. We humans brought his upon our selves and we must do something about it. The recent flood that hit metro manila is a manifestation of the global warming. One good example of effects of global warming is typhoons. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. AAA. ) Another effect of Global Warming in Metro Manila is the increase of its daily temperature. If youre living in Metro Manila, Im sure that you are experiencing that effect to. Everyday you wish that rain will come so that the temperature will somewhat lessen the heat. Drought is another effect of Global Warming experienced all over the country because of the excessive heat rays coming from the sun which affect the farmers mostly. Their crops continue to die because of the super heat, the grounds started to harden and eventually break because of extensive heat which makes the ground impossible for farming. According to the article of Roberto A. Capital in official reports say globally average surface temperatures will increase by 1. 4 to 5. 8 degrees Celsius for the period 2000 to 2100. This forecast is higher than the global warming projection of 1 to 3. 5 degrees Celsius made ten years ago. Analyses of data from tree rings, corals, ice cores and historical records for the Northern Hemisphere show an increase in temperature in the 20th century that is the largest of any during the past 1,000 years. Scientist likewise found that snow cover has decreased by about 10 percent since the late 1 asss in the Northern Hemisphere, and that there has been a 40 percent decline in the Arctic sea-ice thickness during the late summer and early autumn in recent decades. Because of Global Warming our climate had changed. We are experiencing different weather. And there has been an increase in our imperative over the last years. We are truly experiencing the effects of Global Warming, because basically there are two major effects of Global Warming.

Differences and similarities between financial and management accounting The WritePass Journal

Differences and similarities between financial and management accounting Introduction Differences and similarities between financial and management accounting IntroductionFinancial AccountingManagement AccountingManagement accounting has the following concepts:BibliographyRelated Introduction In this essay I will be talking about the differences and similarities between financial and management accounting and how they are used to communicate a business’s financial information to shareholders and managers. In business there are various areas marketing, economics, accounting and finance among these accounting is one of the most difficult ones as it requires you to analyse and report a business’s financial transactions thought periods of time. Accounting divides into various areas but the areas I will mainly be looking at are financial and management accounting. Financial Accounting Financial accounting is about with the preparation of financial statements for the use of the stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies and the owners of the business enterprise. It is intended to aid in the reduction of problems that may arise in the day to day transactions of the business. It publishes an annual report that summarizes an organizations financial data that are taken from their records. It is governed by local and international accounting standards. Its main purpose is to produce financial statements, provide information that can be used in the decision making and planning and to help an organization meet regulatory requirements. It is a legal requirement of all publicly traded organization. Management Accounting Management accounting is concerned in providing basis for decision making and use of information by managers within an organization. It helps identify, measure, accumulate, analyze and interpret information to be used in planning, evaluation and control to ensure the proper use of organizations resources. It also provides financial reports to shareholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and tax agencies. Management accounting involves sales forecasting reports, budget and comparative analysis, feasibility studies and merger or consolidation reports. It is intended to provide information that is more a forecast than a background, to managers within the organization, is confidential and is computed by using information systems rather than general financial accounting standards. It is used in strategic, performance and risk management. Management accounting has the following concepts: . Cost accounting which is a central element is managerial accounting. (GPK) which a German costing method that gives ways on how to calculate costs that are assigned to a product or service. . Lean accounting is used for a lean enterprise. . (RCA) gives managers the information required to support an organizations growth. . Throughput accounting which recognizes modern production processes   need for each other. . Transfer pricing which is used in manufacturing and banking. 1. Financial accounting is legally required from an organization, while management accounting is not. 2. Financial accounting must be reviewed by a separate accounting firm, while management accounting is not required of this. 3. Financial accounting is concerned about how the financial resources of the organization will affect its performance, while management accounting is concerned in how the reports will affect the behaviour and performance of its employees. 4. Financial accounting is governed by both local and international accounting standards, while management accounting is not. 5. Financial accounting is historical in nature, that is, the reports are based on an organizations previous performance and dealings, while management accounting is a forecast Bibliography Read more: Difference Between Financial Accounting and Management Accounting | Difference Between | Financial Accounting vs Management Accounting differencebetween.net/business/accounting-business/difference-between-financial-accounting-and-management-accounting/#ixz

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points - Essay Example He is particularly renowned for his fourteen points that developed a basis to the end of the war and the post World War I era. This paper explores the success Woodrow’s fourteen points and the points’ achievements. Overview of Woodrow’s fourteen points Woodrow’s fourteen points was a proclamation towards the end of the First World War. Having come just a few months away from the ultimate end of the war and their provisions that aimed at attaining a peaceful world indicate significance of the points in the consequently achieved peace. The fourteen points’ principles can be explored in three categories. The first category, consisting of initial five points, was general and concerned â€Å"international liberalism and free trade† (Rossini and Shugaar, p. 63). The points included a public approach to agreements towards international peace as opposed to private treaties, provision for freedom of navigation across international waters, elimination of trade barriers and equality in international trade, and appeal for disarmament. He also called for fair distribution of colonies (Yale, p. 1). Points that called for resolution of disputes over some territories followed these.

Read and Respond to (IMMANUEL KANT) What is Enlightenment Research Paper

Read and Respond to (IMMANUEL KANT) What is Enlightenment - Research Paper Example Kant describes enlightenment as â€Å"Man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity† (Kant 1784), where immaturity essentially refers to an individual’s inability to use their own understanding in actions and instead depend on tutelage or guidance from others. Kant explains that this immaturity is self-imposed due to â€Å"lack of resolve to use it without guidance from another† (1784). He argues that the guardians who are depended upon by the unenlightened are keen to ensure that matters remain this way hence discourage their dependants through indicating that lack of their guidance will lead to danger. The guardians have been quite successful at discouraging maturity and enlightenment of the populace that only a few individuals have been able to become enlightened â€Å"by cultivating their own minds, in freeing themselves from immaturity and pursuing a secure course† (1784). However, Kant argues that enlightenment is inevitable and that the wo rld heads toward it with each age. He identifies two forms of freedom of using one’s reason as determinants of enlightenment whether public and private. Only public reasoning can succeed in bringing about enlightenment although holders of office and other individuals can privately reason and still publicly defend the symbols they represent. Kant uses the rest of his work to showcase that nothing can stand in the way of enlightenment, not religion, authority or even society itself. He also argues that we are not living in an enlightened age but rather in the age of enlightenment which translates to the gateway to enlightenment. A central theme in Kant’s work is that rational autonomy is achievable in the society albeit slowly; â€Å"But that the public should enlighten itself is more likely; indeed, if it is only allowed freedom, enlightenment is almost inevitable† (1784). He presents the view that enlightenment of the entire society is